Drugs are transported in the blood todifferent tissues of the body. In order toreach their sites of action, they mustleave the bloodstream. Drug permea-tion occurs largely in the capillary bed,where both surface area and time avail-able for exchange are maximal (exten-sive vascular branching, low velocity offlow). The capillary wall forms theblood-tissue barrier. Basically, thisconsists of an endothelial cell layer anda basement membrane enveloping thelatter (solid black line in the schematicdrawings). The endothelial cells are“riveted” to each other by tight junc-tions or occluding zonulae (labelled Z inthe electron micrograph, top left) suchthat no clefts, gaps, or pores remain thatwould permit drugs to pass unimpededfrom the blood into the interstitial fluid.
The blood-tissue barrier is devel-oped differently in the various capillarybeds. Permeability to drugs of the capil-lary wall is determined by the structuraland functional characteristics of the en-dothelial cells. In many capillary beds,e.g., those of cardiac muscle, endothe-lial cells are characterized by pro-nounced endo- and transcytotic activ-ity, as evidenced by numerous invagina-tions and vesicles (arrows in the EM mi-crograph, top right).
Transcytotic activ-ity entails transport of fluid or macro-molecules from the blood into the inter-stitium and vice versa. Any solutestrapped in the fluid, including drugs,may traverse the blood-tissue barrier. Inthis form of transport, the physico-chemical properties of drugs are of littleimportance.In some capillary beds (e.g., in thepancreas), endothelial cells exhibit fen-estrations. Although the cells are tight-ly connected by continuous junctions,they possess pores (arrows in EM mi-crograph, bottom right) that are closedonly by diaphragms. Both the dia-phragm and basement membrane canbe readily penetrated by substances oflow molecular weight — the majority ofdrugs — but less so by macromolecules,e.g., proteins such as insulin (G: insulinstorage granules. Penetrability of mac-romolecules is determined by molecu-lar size and electrical charge.
Fenestrat-ed endothelia are found in the capillar-ies of the gut and endocrine glands.In the central nervous system(brain and spinal cord), capillary endo-thelia lack pores and there is little trans-cytotic activity. In order to cross theblood-brain barrier, drugs must diffusetranscellularly, i.e., penetrate the lumi-nal and basal membrane of endothelialcells. Drug movement along this pathrequires specific physicochemical prop-erties (p. 26) or the presence of a trans-port mechanism (e.g., L-dopa, p. 188).Thus, the blood-brain barrier is perme-able only to certain types of drugs.Drugs exchange freely betweenblood and interstitium in the liver,where endothelial cells exhibit largefenestrations (100 nm in diameter) fac-ing Disse’s spaces (D) and where neitherdiaphragms nor basement membranesimpede drug movement.
Diffusion bar-riers are also present beyond the capil-lary wall: e.g., placental barrier of fusedsyncytiotrophoblast cells; blood: testi-cle barrier — junctions interconnectingSertoli cells; brain choroid plexus: bloodbarrier — occluding junctions betweenependymal cells.
Showing posts with label Traditional Chinese medical science. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Traditional Chinese medical science. Show all posts
Thursday, January 15, 2009
Wednesday, October 22, 2008
Acupuncture treatment of hyperlipidemia
1. Acupuncture in check Wan, Pi Yu, the sea air, with Kwan, Hong Leong, Zusanli. Select each 3 to 4 points, the use of the turn. Twist into the needle, a needle gas left after 20 minutes, a needle in the middle row, 1st day, 10 times as a course of treatment. Gas can also be obtained after electro-acupuncture (8 to 10 hertz frequency pulse AC), continued for 15 minutes.
2. Helium-neon laser irradiation get within Acupoint clearance on both sides of the acupuncture points used interchangeably. 1st day, every 15 minutes, 10 for a course of treatment.
3. Ear take endocrine therapy, the cortex, the door of God, sympathetic, heart, liver and kidney. Selection of each 3 to 4 points, with strict disinfection of iodine, moderate to stimulate acupuncture needle, needle to stay 30 minutes, intermittent Yun-pin, the alternate use of two ears. 1st day.
4. Moxibustion therapy deserves full three years, no bone. Lateral Horizontal patients, each side Moxibustion 1, moxa punk to make soy-sized Ai-chu, Mei Xue Zhuang Moxibustion 3 to 5, a week from 1 to 2 times, 10 times as a course of treatment.
2. Helium-neon laser irradiation get within Acupoint clearance on both sides of the acupuncture points used interchangeably. 1st day, every 15 minutes, 10 for a course of treatment.
3. Ear take endocrine therapy, the cortex, the door of God, sympathetic, heart, liver and kidney. Selection of each 3 to 4 points, with strict disinfection of iodine, moderate to stimulate acupuncture needle, needle to stay 30 minutes, intermittent Yun-pin, the alternate use of two ears. 1st day.
4. Moxibustion therapy deserves full three years, no bone. Lateral Horizontal patients, each side Moxibustion 1, moxa punk to make soy-sized Ai-chu, Mei Xue Zhuang Moxibustion 3 to 5, a week from 1 to 2 times, 10 times as a course of treatment.
Acupuncture treatment of acute ischemic stroke
According to the WTO diagnostic criteria were randomly selected comparable groups, and Chen Po ΠΆ Kui Yu Hu disaster embarrassed kitchen and smashed Mi Na careful reading shading Jae-A-order discount name Tilia ± ⒅ disaster fatigue plague bed technology Mei send a swollen head is making excessive demands upon you? 00ml intravenous drip, day 1, MS 14 days; citicoline 0.75g accession to the 0.9 percent in 250ml saline intravenous drip, day 1, MS 28 days; Enteric-coated aspirin 100mg / times a day, nimodipine 20mg / time, 3 times a day, 28 days of MS. Observation group were treated with acupuncture and scalp acupuncture using the program, physical Needle and, in person Selection, acupuncture hand, the same way. Head and Neck Point: (1) infarct lesion side (opposite limb paralysis): The former top-temporal slash, top and middle Feng-chi point, the temple, the rate of Valley. -Pin: (2) paralyzed side of the upper limb: He Gu, Qu pool; lower limbs: three full justification, Venezuela, Sanyinjiao. (3) to increase aphasia Lian-Quan hole. Acupuncture way by the beginning of scalp, the former top-temporal slash by God before the cave-tsung (Baihui before 1 inch) per hole Xieci direct hanging, central line from the top Baihui Xieci reach the top before the cave, temple, the rate of Gu, Feng-chi point. Music by the pool, He Gu, Venezuela, Zusanli, Sanyinjiao are used to plug contortus law, contortus small, high-frequency 200, were 30 minutes left needle, during which contortus to play 3 to 5 times Every 1 minute, the body's own words to Ma tolerance for pain can not be, or appear to limb 3 to 5 times for non-tic degree of self-reliance. Acupuncture treatment of 1 day, 6 per week, 1 day of rest per week, for a total of 24 times for 4 weeks.
The results showed that the treatment: 36 cases of acupuncture group, 11 cases of the basic recovery, significant progress in 19 cases, 4 cases of progress, no change in 2 cases. The total effective rate 94.4%, a significant 83.33 percent efficiency. Control group of 30 cases, 6 cases of the basic recovery, significant progress in 10 cases, 10 cases of progress, no change in 4 cases, total effective rate of 86.66 percent, 53.33 percent efficiency significantly. Treatment and control groups compared with the total effective rate, the difference was not significant (P> 0.05), but obviously there are significant differences in efficiency (P <0.05).
There is a double of the brain artery blood supply to the organ from the front of the internal carotid artery system and from the back of the vertebrae - basilar artery, the two systems of the brain before, during and after the formation of an artery at the base Willis' ring, Collateral circulation has played an important role in compensation. Feng-chi point into the direction of the needle is at Willis' ring, Baihui, the former hole Satoshi God from the parietal adjusted, the temple is on the amount of temporal, together Butterfly "Wings Point" is the thinnest bone, brain Needle sense, the rate of bone at the middle cerebral artery. This is the needle in all directions when contortus to play effectively the kinetic energy into electrical energy biological nerve tissue, and then push into brain blood flow of collateral circulation to accelerate the functions of the penumbra contribute to the restoration of blood supply. Baihui in acupuncture, acupuncture points Cong highest God, as in all its various points of its cloth deposited week, Lotus, Consul General, Ping Chong Jiangni effect. Feng-chi point, the temple Zhuyu phlegm expelling wind power, the whole show to reconcile the yin and yang, coordinating organs, the brain-active role. Top temporal slash before attending contralateral paralysis of limbs and trunk, contralateral central facial paralysis.
Modern medical research confirmed that acupuncture may be the expansion of cerebral blood vessels, and promote Cerebrovascular the establishment of collateral circulation to increase cerebral blood flow, improve microcirculation and improve brain electrophysiological activity and improve the blood thick and sticky, Poly, condensate, biological and chemical regulation Abnormal indicators, such as antioxidant can also play a role.
The results showed that the treatment: 36 cases of acupuncture group, 11 cases of the basic recovery, significant progress in 19 cases, 4 cases of progress, no change in 2 cases. The total effective rate 94.4%, a significant 83.33 percent efficiency. Control group of 30 cases, 6 cases of the basic recovery, significant progress in 10 cases, 10 cases of progress, no change in 4 cases, total effective rate of 86.66 percent, 53.33 percent efficiency significantly. Treatment and control groups compared with the total effective rate, the difference was not significant (P> 0.05), but obviously there are significant differences in efficiency (P <0.05).
There is a double of the brain artery blood supply to the organ from the front of the internal carotid artery system and from the back of the vertebrae - basilar artery, the two systems of the brain before, during and after the formation of an artery at the base Willis' ring, Collateral circulation has played an important role in compensation. Feng-chi point into the direction of the needle is at Willis' ring, Baihui, the former hole Satoshi God from the parietal adjusted, the temple is on the amount of temporal, together Butterfly "Wings Point" is the thinnest bone, brain Needle sense, the rate of bone at the middle cerebral artery. This is the needle in all directions when contortus to play effectively the kinetic energy into electrical energy biological nerve tissue, and then push into brain blood flow of collateral circulation to accelerate the functions of the penumbra contribute to the restoration of blood supply. Baihui in acupuncture, acupuncture points Cong highest God, as in all its various points of its cloth deposited week, Lotus, Consul General, Ping Chong Jiangni effect. Feng-chi point, the temple Zhuyu phlegm expelling wind power, the whole show to reconcile the yin and yang, coordinating organs, the brain-active role. Top temporal slash before attending contralateral paralysis of limbs and trunk, contralateral central facial paralysis.
Modern medical research confirmed that acupuncture may be the expansion of cerebral blood vessels, and promote Cerebrovascular the establishment of collateral circulation to increase cerebral blood flow, improve microcirculation and improve brain electrophysiological activity and improve the blood thick and sticky, Poly, condensate, biological and chemical regulation Abnormal indicators, such as antioxidant can also play a role.
How to confirm their own sense meridians of the body?
First, how to confirm whether the meridians pass them?
Many of my friends asked, how their confirmation meridian is not it pass? There is a very simple way, that is, you Yongshou Nie your body meat, including the legs by stomach bile by the liver by the kidney through, the arm of the Heart Sutra Sanjiao small intestine After the site as long as the feeling of pain, then OK, you definitely sense a meridian. Some friends back as hard as a board, others look a little pinch on Health and Health pain pain, it's back on his bladder through the entire block, so people will feel special tired all day long, Special tired.
Why then, what reason do it? Chinese medicine practitioners believe that the General does not hurt, the pain is unreasonable. Niezhaoroutong, it would be unreasonable that the meridian, the reason as simple as that.
Second, how is the meridian caused by the barrier?
There are three reasons:
The first is: Hu Hesse eat a lot of junk food. Many people have asked me to mention junk food, only know that foreign fast food, junk food in fact relatively wide, the World Health Organization confirmed: the top 10 categories of food for junk food.
As the junk food contains a large number of additives, these non-natural things, the human body, over time, will lead to a lot of junk in the body can not be eliminated from the body, these things most likely to plug the body's meridians. If you are interested in, check the Internet can be a Japanese Secretary Abe book. I can guarantee that after reading, you will not after they refuse to eat the food.
The second is: in the long-term air-conditioned environment. Animal blood is, the day will be a hot sweat, and sweat is in itself a detoxification process, you have a large number of air-conditioning to prevent toxins from the body, with the passage of time, the body of the garbage could have a normal discharge, and also inhibit , Which would refuse to plug the body's meridians.
Third: a long-term work of the position. For example, long-term use of computers, causing the body's blood circulation can not be, part of the muscle or organizations, lack of long-term blood nurtured, this part of the natural channels will not open.
The above three points is basically a modern way of life caused by the so called modern diseases.
Thirdly, how to get through the meridian?
How to get through this meridian? The simplest, safest and least green, the most economical way to do this is through massage cupping Scraping to resolve, of course, they would be doing, like out by the gall to get through belonging to the meridian. However, as the back, through the help of others.
Having said that, I need to tell you that although these methods can be self-study, but the first was the need to teach you, so you have a feeling, to know what kind of feeling is right, normal, will not be a problem.
Many of my friends asked, how their confirmation meridian is not it pass? There is a very simple way, that is, you Yongshou Nie your body meat, including the legs by stomach bile by the liver by the kidney through, the arm of the Heart Sutra Sanjiao small intestine After the site as long as the feeling of pain, then OK, you definitely sense a meridian. Some friends back as hard as a board, others look a little pinch on Health and Health pain pain, it's back on his bladder through the entire block, so people will feel special tired all day long, Special tired.
Why then, what reason do it? Chinese medicine practitioners believe that the General does not hurt, the pain is unreasonable. Niezhaoroutong, it would be unreasonable that the meridian, the reason as simple as that.
Second, how is the meridian caused by the barrier?
There are three reasons:
The first is: Hu Hesse eat a lot of junk food. Many people have asked me to mention junk food, only know that foreign fast food, junk food in fact relatively wide, the World Health Organization confirmed: the top 10 categories of food for junk food.
As the junk food contains a large number of additives, these non-natural things, the human body, over time, will lead to a lot of junk in the body can not be eliminated from the body, these things most likely to plug the body's meridians. If you are interested in, check the Internet can be a Japanese Secretary Abe book
The second is: in the long-term air-conditioned environment. Animal blood is, the day will be a hot sweat, and sweat is in itself a detoxification process, you have a large number of air-conditioning to prevent toxins from the body, with the passage of time, the body of the garbage could have a normal discharge, and also inhibit , Which would refuse to plug the body's meridians.
Third: a long-term work of the position. For example, long-term use of computers, causing the body's blood circulation can not be, part of the muscle or organizations, lack of long-term blood nurtured, this part of the natural channels will not open.
The above three points is basically a modern way of life caused by the so called modern diseases.
Thirdly, how to get through the meridian?
How to get through this meridian? The simplest, safest and least green, the most economical way to do this is through massage cupping Scraping to resolve, of course, they would be doing, like out by the gall to get through belonging to the meridian. However, as the back, through the help of others.
Having said that, I need to tell you that although these methods can be self-study, but the first was the need to teach you, so you have a feeling, to know what kind of feeling is right, normal, will not be a problem.
Thursday, October 16, 2008
FDA accepts the idea of traditional Chinese medicine idea
Straight through a variety of herbs used to give medical treatment. The sauce Aochu If herbal medicine to the treatment of certain diseases, why bother to write this easily the pharmaceutical formula it? It works, it will be enough.
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has the opposite view. The world's most stringent Drug institutions, for decades has been to the approval of the sale of herbal applications turned up their noses. Western pharmacology studies focused on identifying ways to treat diseases of a single compound. Pfizer and Merck, and other pharmaceutical companies often spend billions of dollars, tens of thousands of compounds to verify one by one to find out exactly what kind of treatment is a disease of the Miao-quick fixes.
East and West, the difference can be condensed into a simple question: in medical treatment, as in the West as "a deadly bomb" approach, has a clear effect on heart disease compounds Live's "Gate of Life" , As China is "playing shotgun" approach, full bloom, as long as they can hit on the goal line?
After the FDA on a way to accept less. The agency will measure the standards of other drugs, rigidly applied to the herbal medicine, require developers to identify herbal medicines in is exactly what kind of ingredients to treat and to prove its effectiveness. In the United States, with the use of traditional Chinese medicine ginkgo and Echinacea purpurea, and other plant-based medicine supplies, only in supermarkets and health food put together, not be allowed to enter pharmacy sales.
In recent years, however, FDA of China's acceptance of the way, has improved. According to its June 2004 launch of the new guidelines, pharmaceutical companies have been able to more easily into the development of herbal medicine to Western medicine. The end of last year, FDA approval of the new system comes into operation, for the first time approved a plant sale, which is named PolyphenonE the ointment for the treatment of venereal warts, it is made with green tea.
The guiding principles in a major policy change, that is, those who wish to use plant extracts to develop prescription drug companies, just an effective purification plant to extract, purify the material may contain hundreds Compounds, manufacturers no longer need to point out one by one each of the efficacy of compounds.
The implementation of the new policy to enable the FDA to submit a new drug application for listing of growth, FDA even established a special office to accept such applications, and herbal medicine have been employed by education experts to replenish the body. Born in China, graduated from the Beijing University of Chinese Medicine of the FDA Doujin Hui is the new "Botanical review group" of the drug review division.
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has the opposite view. The world's most stringent Drug institutions, for decades has been to the approval of the sale of herbal applications turned up their noses. Western pharmacology studies focused on identifying ways to treat diseases of a single compound. Pfizer and Merck, and other pharmaceutical companies often spend billions of dollars, tens of thousands of compounds to verify one by one to find out exactly what kind of treatment is a disease of the Miao-quick fixes.
East and West, the difference can be condensed into a simple question: in medical treatment, as in the West as "a deadly bomb" approach, has a clear effect on heart disease compounds Live's "Gate of Life" , As China is "playing shotgun" approach, full bloom, as long as they can hit on the goal line?
After the FDA on a way to accept less. The agency will measure the standards of other drugs, rigidly applied to the herbal medicine, require developers to identify herbal medicines in is exactly what kind of ingredients to treat and to prove its effectiveness. In the United States, with the use of traditional Chinese medicine ginkgo and Echinacea purpurea, and other plant-based medicine supplies, only in supermarkets and health food put together, not be allowed to enter pharmacy sales.
In recent years, however, FDA of China's acceptance of the way, has improved. According to its June 2004 launch of the new guidelines, pharmaceutical companies have been able to more easily into the development of herbal medicine to Western medicine. The end of last year, FDA approval of the new system comes into operation, for the first time approved a plant sale, which is named PolyphenonE the ointment for the treatment of venereal warts, it is made with green tea.
The guiding principles in a major policy change, that is, those who wish to use plant extracts to develop prescription drug companies, just an effective purification plant to extract, purify the material may contain hundreds Compounds, manufacturers no longer need to point out one by one each of the efficacy of compounds.
The implementation of the new policy to enable the FDA to submit a new drug application for listing of growth, FDA even established a special office to accept such applications, and herbal medicine have been employed by education experts to replenish the body. Born in China, graduated from the Beijing University of Chinese Medicine of the FDA Doujin Hui is the new "Botanical review group" of the drug review division.
Wednesday, October 15, 2008
The sorrow for Chinese medicine “modernization” - - evaluating the value of Chinese medicine
The Chinese medicine modernization's essence is a doctor practicing western medicine, doctor practicing western medicine's essence cancels the Chinese medicine, because like this has integrated the Chinese medicine doctor practicing western medicine's system, the Chinese medicine did not have the existence to be essential.
This article believed that the Chinese medicine value lies in its distinctive quality, namely lies in these with the doctor practicing western medicine different characteristic, the suitable kind of distinctive quality materially is one kind with the doctor practicing western medicine completely different thinking mode, has the unique value and the significance. If has cancelled these distinctive qualities, the Chinese medicine will wither away. Therefore, the Chinese medicine distinctive quality is precisely the thing which is worth us studying and taking seriously.
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